![]() Syntactically, the first figure indicates the total number of wheels (or more precisely: axle ends) and the second indicates the number of axle ends that are powered. "Four-by-four" or "4×4" is frequently used to refer to a class of vehicles in general. ![]() ![]() SAE International's standard J1952 recommends only the term "all-wheel drive" with additional subclassifications that cover all types of AWD/4WD/4x4 systems found on production vehicles. The terms used by various manufacturers often reflect marketing rather than engineering considerations or significant technical differences between systems. There is no universally accepted set of terminology that describes the various architectures and functions.
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